Parra1
Carlos Muñoz, Matías Antonio Dziekoski Rüchardt2, Gabriela Soto Villalón3; Ninoska Lamilla4
1 Chile. Architect. Ph.D. in Architecture at the School of Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. Professor School of Architecture University of Santiago de Chile. Email: cmparquitecto@yahoo.es
2 Chile. Architect. Master University of Santiago de Chile. Academic School of Architecture University of Santiago de Chile. Email: matias.dziekonski @ usach.cl
3 Chile. Architect. Research Assistant School of Architecture University of Santiago de Chile. Email: gsotov@dualarquitectos.cl
4 Chile. Architect. Master. Research Assistant School of Architecture University of Santiago de Chile. Email: ________________________________________
ninoska.lamilla @ gmail.com Summary
in Chile requiring a land for harmonizing the different land uses, lack of it. The political - administrative division does not help in this task, and the instruments de Planificación Territorial (IPT) llevados a cabo responden fundamentalmente a requerimientos sectoriales.
Se extraña un eje conductor de los diferentes instrumentos sectoriales que regule los usos del territorio. Esto aunque en la actualidad, para hacer una aproximación sustentable, se sugiere que son los territorios y no los productos los que compiten en los mercados.
La idea de constatar la efectividad del enfoque planificador de abajo hacia arriba, valoriza la participación de los actores y sus características con los territorios en que se desarrollan, tanto privados como públicos. Esto se llevó a cabo en Colchagua, y ha permitido lograr un ordenamiento territorial sustentable, aún careciendo de un marco normativo, and only through sectoral interventions territorial perspective.
To validate what is stated we have reviewed examples interesting for their strengths, because they recognize the characteristics, identities and actors in the territories, as have programs "Smartland" and "Leader +", which in some way make us understand what has occurred in the ordering of the Colchagua Valley.
KEYWORDS: TERRITORIES SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED LAND MANAGEMENT, Colchagua Valley
Abstract
________________________________________ There is no land planning Intended to Harmonize The Different land use in Chile. The political-administrative division Does Not Contribute to this subject and the Instruments for Spatial Planning (ISP) are oriented towards sectoral demands.
In order to regulate land use, an element designed to control the different sectoral instruments is needed. However, before adopting a sustainable approach, it is suggested that territories and not products compete in the markets.
The idea of verifying the effectiveness of a bottom-up planning approach values the participation of actors and their characteristics in public and private territories. This task was carried out in Colchagua, and, through territorial-oriented sectoral interventions, and despite lacking a regulatory framework, it was possible to achieve a sustainable town planning.
In order to validate the aforementioned result, this article examines the “Smartland” and "Leader +" software, know as the características These Initiatives, identities and the people These projects Benefit. "Smartland" and "Leader +" are Useful to Understand the town planning process in the Colchagua Valley.
KEYWORDS: SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIES, INTEGRATED TOWN PLANNING, Colchagua Valley
Introduction ________________________________________
The earthquake on February 27 inevitably makes us ask ourselves about our vision and concepts related to geography and territory. Nothing will be the same for many after that date, and the questions that are emerging in our consciousness and in the press about how we take the maritime border no longer face a kind of void.
Should we rebuild what already exists? Should we move human settlements involved? What role must have the local community? Have to have one or it is a matter of experts and technicians in complex? "This was simply a disaster or actually offer opportunities for territorial planning as reflected in some with optimism? What are these? What lessons can we draw from this? What we do with the large northern seismic gap that threatens us but we do not know when we strike? How we deal with this territory? -That has nothing static-stretching, shrinking and contour from east to west and up and down as if dancing to different rhythms, often inaudible, but are felt suddenly and dramatically intermittently over time. In a seminar
ICARE5 (Chilean Institute of Rational Business Administration) was one of the exhibitors see that a business audience and a tight uncomfortable minister, who as in the case of Chaitén6, we would have failed to resolve, was a town and 1,500 homes, "how will we do with 900 sites of varying size and 190,000 homes?
Poduje (2010) defined the problem in four points:
• Reconstruction will be slow, complex and will take at least 10 years and 3 governments.
• The deadlines and expectations of change had to land: New cities or replace homes? • The institutional
Malla prevent mega-deal with this challenge as they add time and costs, therefore must be reformed.
• In the absence of changes in the dealings of state agencies there is a risk of repeating or New Chaitén8 Transantiago7.
concluded by defining four keys to confront the mega challenges:
• The real innovation now happens to rebuild neighborhoods, create jobs and reduce vulnerability existing social.
• Decentralization is fundamental: the national government can not lead the process and key stakeholders are the Municipalities, the municipal government and affected communities, as was held in Kobe, Japón9.
• Need to develop the Inter - sectoral works and housing is inadequate and must be supplemented by promoting productive employment and social coordination.
• Citizen Participation is a fundamental process of high complexity and management, and if you want to be successful, you can not avoid it.
However, we do not intend to comment on the situation. Others can and should. We want to help in the reflection in the medium term and that in terms of exhibitor commented ICARE-at least ten years. We are thinking of the "reconstruction mejorada10" because the "ins and outs" of the situation, its emergency, do not allow major changes. Quite the contrary. May interfere with what is possible to do with the instruments and mechanisms.
The article that follows is part of an investigation called "Integrated Territorial Planning in Chile, an analysis of the experiences of sectoral approach in the O'Higgins region during the period 2001 to 2006 to build the foundations for a future planning policy tool fully sustainable land "which is carried out by the research DICYT Program at the University of Santiago de Chile. This is intended to contribute in this regard and what one wants to invite you to reflect, for the moment, on the land by the experience of the past in Chile Colchagua, in the light of the experience of some countries that have more "road travel "in this matter than we are. A future in depth with some experiences that have developed in our country and have an amazing convergence and similar to what we needed and being developed elsewhere. Come by.
"land management policies in Chile?
When we refer to the spatial context that are beyond the city limits, the concept of "habitat" should not stick only to the populations living space located in those rural communities of prominence. It should cover about all the space that society has arranged to live and carry out the activities necessary for all its spiritual and material requirements for the sustainable development of their community. In other words, it is hardly possible today to think that the concept of "habitat" refers to those areas of land where housing is located or human activity given the interdependence of different systems on Yet if we look the territory from an ecological perspective. When we speak of "habitat" today we are-in fact, the whole territory. According
Méndez Ferreira, organizing social life of a modern rural inhabitant will be noted by three elements: structure, function and culture. This gives us basic guidelines to approach considered certain characteristics that may be relevant for setting rural habitat system contemporary, that are specified as:
• The structure is a term used to define how a group is formed.
• The function designated for the purpose of the group's activities on itself, on its individual members or the society as a whole.
• Culture to designate the material and global heritage of a given community, ie, their beliefs, ideals, traditions, knowledge, customs, folklore, techniques and cultural and historical heritage.
These organizational components of the actors of the habitat in rural territorial context, are fully integrated into the Declaration of Rio de Janeiro (June 1992) when he argues that "peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and inseparable. "11 The concept
rural, traditional perspective has been observed, it is possible to state that contains a number of characteristics closely linked. These are:
• demographic,
• predominant productive activity, and
• distinctive cultural patterns.
The first feature reveals the low population density that is characteristic of these sectors. The second is linked to the predominance of agriculture and forestry and other primary activities. And third, simplifying, refers to a series of social and cultural patterns that distinguish the inhabitants of rural areas with urbanos.12 centers
From this perspective, and from field work developed in the late of the 90 were identified from the base aspects of rural actors, where it was found that the minimum requirements to be considered for land in rural areas must have at least the following factors are essential for quality satisfying life:
• Habitability. The rural habitat required to be equipped with all basic amenities like water, electricity, sewage disposal system, domestic equipment.
• Roads, connectivity and access. Human settlements in rural areas, require efficient road network, to avoid isolation in the national context, to enable connectivity throughout throughout the year.
• Rights and basic services and infrastructure. The inhabitants of rural settlements, should have easy access to services such as health, education, public safety and care of their civil and criminal penalties.
• Rural Environment and quality of life. It is essential that any location of a new rural human settlement, consider the sustainability of the environment, respecting the existing biodiversity and restoring degraded areas, protecting rural heritage.
• Participation, organization and management. A final factor to consider, that while there is a physical intervention, affects them- is the organizational capacity of rural inhabitants, which allows management consistent with the aspirations of a better habitat in their own environment and a better quality of life to have control over their territories and their decisions regarding the type of development they want. 13
However, we have regional planning as an instrument to bring different purposes, does not exist in Chile. In practice we find that the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MINVU), which carries out the preparation of their Territorial Planning Tools (IPT), which recognizes only human settlements be planned as segments of a regional system, being also received the same component as planned in the national system. This is how it is currently trying to resolve land-use planning requirements, ie, only from a
-ministerial sector without coordination with other pairs, and only from the urbano14.
Moreover, if we think the law of the territory as a staging fully sustainable, where at least combine the environmental, energy production and energy efficiency, socio-cultural and economic production is presented as a weakness.
Take the case of a recent decision in view environmental disaster, and therefore we can not guarantee the sustainability of
our territories, which was epitomized by the adoption of Barrancones thermoelectric plant near an area full of biodiversity as it is the town of Punta de Choros in the Region of Coquimbo. Fortunately, given the reaction of different sectors of the community, finally a Presidential decision halted this blunder. To make matters worse, we shot in the foot by adopting another plant of this type, Castilla, which increased by 8% domestic production of CO2, which leaves a heavy burden on the country.
What's happening? ... simple, is taking the bill for not having an Integrated Spatial Planning System normativo.15 This character is confirmed when the President of the Republic about his decision to change her Barrancones the central location in Punta de Choros, says, "shows that our environmental laws require improvement and that's why I instructed the Minister of National Assets for territorial planning process, in order to establish areas suitable for power plants and areas to be protected to be sanctuary of nature. "16
This refers to one of the shortcomings can be seen in the teaching of economic theory in higher education institutions of our country, that is their lack of respect territorial17. That is, there is a sort of "bubble" metaphysics which operates the study of the discipline at a level of abstraction so that the territory-as physical-geographical with all its components, appears to be a variable number of input or study and not support where the economic phenomenon happens and is possible.
This contrasts, however, actual experience, which suggests that the territories and not only companies, which compete in markets, this in the context of the so-called structural competitiveness and also called systemic competitiveness. This has generated renewed interest in incorporating aspects relating to the territories in search of the grounds for the development and generation of competitiveness of countries, highlighting the leading role of municipalities and regions.
The principle of multiple use sustained
This realization is not new in the global concert of habitat management in the territory. In June 1960, in the U.S., was enacted Sostenido18 Multiple Use Act as a mechanism to make the best combination of land use and fully meet the needs of the population. This is not necessarily the value of the resources were eroded by the higher returns from them. From this perspective must be the principle of multiple use is based on two tenets:
• There are a number of types of areas and agricultural ecosystems, and each is different from the others in their different limitations and potential.
• There are varied requirements of the population that can be addressed through the use and production capacity of the earth.
vision posed these principles, it has developed since its introduction, which has involved the incorporation of techniques and scientific methodologies to address unresolved issues in the beginning. This has involved engaging the efficiency and equity in economics; integrar los sistemas de pensamientos; incorporar los aspectos medioambientales; establecer las necesidades sociales básicas y ajustar los aspectos culturales implícitos en las sociedades.
Dada esta perspectiva, resulta difícil pensar que una nación moderna tenga las capacidades para lograr su pleno desarrollo sin integrar esta dimensión de la ordenación de sus territorios.
No obstante, a pesar del estadio de desarrollo en que se encuentra el país, tenemos que el concepto de uso múltiple sostenido en el territorio, más allá de sus límites urbanos y su hábitat, ha estado ausente del debate. Se tiene que en la actualidad predomina la especialización del uso de la tierra, la globalización, agricultural economics and agricultural business and real estate. Multifunctionality is absent, and the municipalities are not involved in the organization of space that is beyond the city limits. In this context
simple functional or sectoral level, we can check that exist in the country, some relevant standards are available for use, such as:
• Forest Regulation (Law 4363, Decree 701);
• Use Change Land (Law 3516, Law 18,693);
• Coastline (DS 296 and DS 884);
• Irrigation Works Development (Law 18,459);
• Indigenous Lands (Law 19253);
• Areas Protected (Law 18,362);
• Wetland Areas (SD 971);
• Regulation of Agricultural Activity (Law 18,378);
• Municipal Law (Law 18,695);
• Archaeological Heritage (Law 17,288);
• Protection of Rural Landscape (DS 660 and DS 439);
Titles • Sanitation (1939 Act);
• Harmonious and Equitable Land Development (Constitution);
• Environment (Law 19,300);
• Division of agricultural property (DL 3516, DL DS 718 and 1,305) and
• Tourist Areas of Importance (SD 718).
This application of the concept of multiple use, is rather new in Western culture, and is based on two basic tenets: the diversity of areas and ecosystems that exist in non-urban space and the multiple needs and expectations of human actors its hábitat19. From the standpoint of using the concept of multiple use decision making for land planning in the first place, we must establish the state - target to be achieved. The ultimate goal is that the target or the actors of a society.
Given that this is the product of a systematization of the enhancement of opportunities and context from the use of available technologies for this purpose, such as databases, remote sensing, aerial photography and satellite images, is also necessary to understand that the final state of a system can be achieved naturally or spontaneously, without necessarily produce a planned intervention to do so.
The essential tool for acting on a space-temporal arrangement of the territories, is the multiple use of it. This considered a number of strategic and proposals must be taken into account in selecting the possible future development scenarios, which can be grouped into three types and identify as
• Strategic directions characteristic Territory:
a. territory's resources
b. current use and potential of the territory and
c. administration and land management.
• Strategic directions characteristic of its inhabitants:
a. structural composition of the population,
b. picture of the behavior and aspirations of the people and
c. human habitat facilities in the territory.
• Strategic directions characteristic of their potentialities and Vocations:
a. technological components - structural
b. state of the art of the region's economy, and
c. existing institutions in the territorio20.
representation is made of a territory should be enough to keep the information, modeling and structuring of databases that will eventually allow determining the goal and achieve carrying out the steps to achieve the status of multiple use of land. For this is said to be met at least four aspects relevantes21, namely
• Physical aspects of the territory, including the surface and capacity to incorporate technology.
• Ability to reason from the authorities and society, from the ability to perceive their needs, functions and short-term aspirations.
• Application of technologies, conditioned by dos aspectos anteriores.
• Capacidad de desarrollar las actividades que conduzcan a la aproximación del estado-meta que se intenta alcanzar.
Al establecerse la meta y los objetivos relativos al ordenamiento territorial se debe, por lo tanto, considerar que el espacio es heterogéneo y que existe una multiplicidad de necesidades de la población. Sin embargo, los primeros problemas para obtener una planificación territorial consistente con las metas establecidas –que puedan surgir a partir de las consideraciones de integración de sus diferentes aspectos, sean estos morfológicos, productivos, sociales, medioambientales y fenomenológicos– están en la recurrente discordancia de las divisiones político–administrativas with the objective context of identity of these territories. To explain in a practical manner the consistency or otherwise of territorial identity with the political administrative division, review the case of Colchagua in the perspective of a participatory intervention territory of its actors.
The political - administrative division in the Colchagua Valley
Some authors have seen that not necessarily, in the case of Colchagua, there has been a match in the territories by the apparatus designed público22 and objectively what has developed in the context of the harmonization process of productive development and human settlements in the territory. Basically we can talk generated a kind of dichotomy between the territory administratively predefined Colchagua Province and in practice has been shaped from the involvement of stakeholders in the wise use, understanding the common good of the territories that welcome. (See Figure 1).
Figure 1. Political and administrative boundaries of the O'Higgins Region and its provinces, Cardenal Caro, Cachapoal and Colchagua, confronted with the Rapel basin. It is appreciated that tributary streams Rapel basin from the Metropolitan Region and the Estero Zamorano, originated in the province of Colchagua, drift to the Province of Cachapoal. Source: Government Regional, O'Higgins Region.
Thus, the process of consolidation of the wine industry, then followed by the wine tourism industry was setting up a regional map that extends beyond administrative boundaries and, as noted, involves communities and sectors of the provinces nearby, such as Cardinal Caro y Cachapoal. In practice, have been more productive, relevant coherences from Tinguiririca River Basin, "which have spread throughout the country also produces an identity with the inhabitant and the empowerment of an economic, environmental and social where runs the habitat. In other words, by an empirical process of involvement of stakeholders in the physical environment that welcomes and from everyday action, are generating more than limits, areas of interaction.
These situations and identifies Zanzzi Fabricio, who notes that when a nation can no longer operate in a manner consistent with its territory from the political-administrative division that holds, it is convenient to make a thorough analysis to propose alternative solutions to possible causes of stagnation in the development, linked to its concentration and descentralización23. This, eventually are the citizens who can effectively validate the administrative demarcation from their own interests and aspirations. While Zanzzi (op. cit.) Draws a parallel with the situation that involves what is happening in his country, Ecuador, no longer stands his hypothesis by moving the reinterpretation of the problem to what happens in our own regions. Thus
notes that the political administrative division is not due to contemporary patterns that will surely drag understandable given territorial administrative divisions inherited from earlier times and now obsolete given all the changes brought about in recent decades. This effectively we can visualize the case of the so-called Colchagua Province, in relation to watershed chains and production processes in this area is developed (see Figure 2). Thus, the hierarchies in the division imposed inequities could occur in the redistribution of wealth and national income, since it is secreted by the ability to access these resources.
Figure 2. The Province of Colchagua, in political and administrative boundaries of the O'Higgins Region, and you can see how the "Earth Zone Colchagua premium wine tourism and the area generated in the basin of the Rio Tinguiririca, has been developed by its actors. Source: Integrated Land Management System of O'Higgins and Watershed Management Plan, CONAMA O'Higgins.
In practical terms, achieving economies of scale and synergies between the areas that make up the territory recognized by the actors and the legally established, as for a specific project that requires funding, for example, the National Fund for Regional Development, the should be submitted simultaneously to two or three provinces, segmenting proportion to the coverage area of \u200b\u200beach, and thus obtain financing so integral to the project requirements.
All this is exhausting, and furthermore, most cumbersome, and the classic processes of negotiation among members of the Regional Councils, which are ultimately those who approve these resources against the presentation of projects, become almost inconclusive.
sensitivity financing undesirable externalities arising from the adoption of the same mechanisms, which is closely linked to collective decisions by bodies of origin technical indirect24 with representation, as is the case of Regional Councils-take the decisions of its validity or not, as the applicability of regulatory resources to a specific portion of the territory. What if the territory in question does not follow traditional patterns of administration? And then we can imagine the problems this generates.
This inequity in the process of project financing for certain territories, may result in that in many cases, it is financing in excess of those territories which include, for example, less populated than others, to the detriment of the people who are trapped in the administrative maze of the territory, generating in fact non-integrated management of public resources.
The alleged redistribution of resources, made in the current political and administrative frameworks are not linked to geographical and environmental realities, from the top to the community, you can not keep it in the long term in a sustainable local development process. These policies resource management, are ultimately less effective than those who stop to determine the true needs of actors in a given territory, and thus the generation of initiatives from the ground up territorially to the upper levels of the structure of public organization . The country's economic development is the logical consequence of local economic development sostenido25.
This development of local-in the case of the Colchagua Valley, has been building since the action by the actors of this territory, where we have the case of the Integrated Territorial Programme (ITP) "Colchagua Land Premium" proposed by Development Corporation Production (CORFO) to private and public sector, whose aim was to develop the wine and tourist potential of this area. The area of \u200b\u200bthe program was linked to aspects of wine production and related tourism potential, which did not coincide with the area of \u200b\u200bthe province of Colchagua.
There was another similar proposal for the horticultural theme by CORFO, entity referred to previously, which was installed on similar grounds that the PTI wine, but associated mainly with the production of export fruit and vegetables, an area stretching from the Cachapoal province of Colchagua. It also has the basin Rapel River, which extends beyond the boundaries of the O'Higgins Region, entering the metropolitan area. That is, or areas of interest set by the development of production, or those set by the geographical nature coincide with the political-administrative divisions into force (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. The watershed of Rapel, the "Earth Zone Colchagua Premium" and "Horticultural Zone." You can see the "intersection" of the latter two. It is noted that none of these three entities is consistent with the current political-administrative division. Source: Integrated Land Management System O'Higgins and Watershed Management Plan, CONAMA O'Higgins.
No one better than the actors of a territory known problems, therefore it is logical to proceed to prosecute them to seek their care. There is therefore no deliver solutions from the top of the organizational pyramid without the real support of the requirements of the base, where it is most likely to start having decontextualized interventions in all areas of environmental reality.
So what about the political and administrative division? Well, unfortunately, is not being planned under the full protection of the common good technical background sufficient to contain the strengths and to face the onslaught without giving so-called powers that be, thus preventing the negotiation of short and mean look, be the line you draw the route of our urban areas, suburban and rural areas. The current division
ODEPLAN26 emerged from the 60 in the context of a process and development model of import substitution, which was imposed after the coup of 73, even before it was implemented the current model of social market economy, where the regions should develop their comparative advantages. An example is what happens to the governorship of the province of Santiago is not named and does not even have an office because it can overshadow the mayor.
Unfortunately, this phenomenon of sense of loss of control by professionals and citizens about setting up the administrative boundaries of the territory, with a foundation of sustainability in different areas, such as environmental, energy, social, cultural and economic set integrated regional planning that supports the values \u200b\u200bof the common good, is replicated elsewhere.
Take the case of the above in Mexico by Daniel González regarding this situation: "ultramodern, however, reveals the increasing emphasis on the economic impact of heritage conservation in profitability criteria directly or indirectly within an area once animated by the cult of the nation and the spirit of public utility. The dedication of streets and the removal of statues have been replaced by celebrations exploited by companies. "27
This is expressed in the final in which globalization, to promote, encourage and promote the development of "comparative advantages" of each territory, which makes is that this phenomenon actually occur, this process goes to hit the intended administrative shell in another time and under other conditions and visions of development and planning. Just
are taking some steps in the quest for validation of decisions about the configuration of urban land, picking up the vision of citizens living in these territories. Thus, the MINVU commissioned the project "Development of an Inventory Methodologies for Citizen Participation in Urban Development" at a tertiary education institution in Santiago, and under which a seminar was held in March 2008. This is a tacit sign of recognition of the serious problem affecting our territorial planning instruments that do not devote a decisive direct participation of the population involved in the management of their territories.
It is therefore necessary to find mechanisms to ensure the generation territories economically viable in the long term, environmentally and socially coherent equitativos28. For example, this aspiration should converge in an expeditious manner the technical views of potential vocations and regional weaknesses in conjunction with more direct citizen expression and wide as possible regarding these matters to benefit the common good. Ordering
territory, up or down "approach?
These policy instruments alone are not sufficient to carry out regional planning policy. To that end, as we said Juan Gastó29, it requires at least the following objectives: • Generation
database with geo-referencing, allowing to establish a territorial image to compile all the interventions that it is carried out.
• Allow the articulation of the information collected in a database shared with the Territorial Planning Tool consistent.
• Allow the participation of regional actors in the context analyzed to express their choices with binding effect of the interventions in this area are developed.
• Generation of land use planning with community coverage, establishing the fitness areas with multiple use in the rural context of the territory. • Conduct programs
education and training involving the inhabitants of the territory, and officials connected with it.
This vision is allowing us to observe an enhancement of a computer system from the bottom up, known as "bottom-up" (bottom-up approach, bottom-up approach). This perspective empowers actors and functionalities of the territories in a way quite different from the classic hat from regulations since the central authorities, which do not concern the willingness of social actors and their contexts, also known as the classic system, "top- down "(top-down, top-down perspective). The social
are fundamental in establishing guidelines for sustainable management in their physical environments of action, which can be identified in different ways according to some authors, such as the criteria chosen by Gutman (1985), which refer to the type of relationship with land, its products, target markets, availability of farm land, intensity of land use, technology used and availability of capital. Moreover, the identification is made from five case studies which Dourojeanni (1993), where the actors are classified by their degree of receptivity and interest to conduct productive practices, by the incorporation ability and interest in projects for their socio-economic levels, their ability of community participation and its powers to intervene in the processes of habitat management or production.
problems that occur with the use of land and consistency with the habitat, they have to do with the growing importance of the concept of multiple use in the development of areas outside the city limits and, consequently, to the management territorial.
The case of European programs with territorial view
intelligent territories, however, and how would those territories from the perspective of its actors? Somehow this has been viewed empirically in the analysis of what has been done in Colchagua. However, to understand in a more systematic since the field of tourism development, you can review an interesting perspective, which is called "Intelligent Territories" and very understandable is exposed by Francisco Torres Ruiz, when he proposes a plan developing tourism in Jaen, Spain.
With this concept refers to "Smartlands" which have been studied in depth particularly in Europe. Thus, these so-called territories and / or smart cities are those that actively seek a balance between the de la competitividad en la actividad económica, sustentabilidad medioambiental y cultural y cohesión social, y su desarrollo, de tal manera de generar las bases para el progreso de una industria moderna como lo es el turismo. Las características que se identifican en esta perspectiva, son aquellas que direccionan sus aspiraciones, deseos y motivaciones, conjuntamente consensuados con los actores de estas ciudades y territorios, las cuales se resumen a continuación5:
• Sensibilidad y Responsabilidad Ambiental: Los territorios inteligentes asumen una nueva filosofía con respecto al medio ambiente, que intenta compatibilizar el modelo urbano y territorial con su propia preservación. Esto constituye un avance más en la importancia Extended avoiding negative environmental impacts, assuming a more ambitious approach to add value to the country: pro-activity in the care, restoration of natural ecosystems and fundamentally natural recovery of areas damaged, socially and economically. This not only to improve the environmental quality of the people involved, but to foster competitive aspects in these areas, generating singularities, all the social cohesion, from the environmental quality of the region involved benefits the context of its inhabitants. This could be summarized as creating a legacy for future generations, with a deep commitment to the present.
• Able to create competitive advantages: It is assumed that the attractiveness of a territory not only because of their characteristics, but also by the ability to intelligently build a project for the future. At present the development of any country depends mainly on its actors, its innovative capacity, entrepreneurship and self-confidence in the potential that includes their physical, social, environmental and economic.
• Cohesion and Social Development: To develop intelligent territories are key cohesion, development and social stability. It seeks the active participation and inclusion of all groups of citizens, relevant aspirational instance, so the attempt to limit the self-exclusion and the differences that separate the players, is a primary goal. It is relevant to enhance the efforts that benefit all regional actors involved, such as upgrading of urban interventions, environmental quality, public image, the use of urban space with quality standards, these are all important aspects achieving this cohesion. It looks so, promote the identity and sense of belonging.
• Coherent structures of government of the territory: The continued development of coherent inter-agency cooperation agreements to design and build the future of these territories, is characteristic of them. So is the search for an efficient political and administrative as well as the generation of appropriate agencies to develop specific projects.
• Dialogue with the environment: The intelligent territories are often the key to the development of intelligent projects in their specific context and unique product features, history and conditions. Thus, as in a global context, some of these territories, which can be framed as cities have developed features that make them unique and identifiable global-Florence as artistic epicenter central Europe and wine tourism in Tuscany, Bordeaux and the obligatory reference viticulture, or Miami as a meeting of U.S. with Latin America. The ability to interact with other nearby towns, also provides opportunities for complementary, strengthening inter-city relations and / or development of features that go beyond the local administrative organization. In short, smartlands in relation to its context, are able to establish a distinctive profile and smart.
• Innovation: In the same way that any successful organization, smart cities base their development on the design of innovative strategies and research. Opt for the investigation of their singularities and opportunities, learning from his own experience as well as research and experience of others. Escape of complacency, stagnation, of being static, because they understand that is the most efficient way to create competitive advantages. The promotion and creation of centers and research teams and innovation and, above all, the existence and involvement of citizens with high level players training, are in this sense, the basis for creating a culture of innovation. The attraction of intellectuals, business and skilled workers, and the search for a research and educational infrastructure are the key to developing future projects.
• Connections: The isolation is synonymous with failure in a globalized world. Join networking with other areas is what they want intelligent territories, based on the enrichment and benefit of all is the key to individual development. The ability to weave the networks necessary to participate actively with strategically important connection is sought. These connections between areas facilitate the development of economic exchanges, social and cultural as well as access to innovations and experiences in specific areas. Explicit here
synthesis of some of the features the smart smartlands or territories that have been developed and applied successfully in some parts of Spain, as in the strategic development plans of Granada and Jaen, will be the reference for future research. PROGRAM LEADER
This program is an approach to land use planning with a clear enhancement of aspects related to the potential of nature in them. You can substantially complement to our vision of land connected to the productive aspects and its actors, as evidenced in the successful work that is undertaken to achieve the integral development of rural areas in Europe. This experience is called "Leader Program" and is done for some years in the European Community, with different stages of evolution, which have been forged from the experience gained in its implementation. She will give us, no doubt, relevant guidelines of territorial intervention systems, since the objectives of this European program son31:
• Promotion of innovative activities are transferable to other areas. • Exchange of experiences
invigorating rural development network, an initiative that transcends national.
• Generation of technical support to rural development.
• Support for vocational training, support to rural tourism.
• Support to SMEs.
• Assessment in the territory and product marketing.
• Conservation and improvement of environment and physical context of the territories.
These objectives constitute a relevant line to take into consideration for systematic planning of rural areas, with comprehensive development vision, which is the trend followed by most developed and last to operate the Initiative Leader Plus "32 of the European Community . It sets the guidelines on the implementation of this initiative in rural areas.
The different approaches to rural development experienced by the European Community until the 80 were developed primarily on a sectoral concept aid, incorporating principles "down" ("top-down", "taken from above") and that only helped the "beneficiaries" instead of encouraging local actors, the "project sponsors" to learn appropriate skills to implement them as "actors" authors "of the future of their territory.
The initial focus was the European Community until the 80's, is practically the same as we had in Chile until early 2000. Where had favored a more centralized and paternalistic good policy implementation process of development toward rural areas, which they identified physically with their roots in these administratively and not agreed with his actors, and less consistent with the characteristics both physical, climatic, social or production thereof.
In this situation perceived by the European Community, there was the need to rethink the principles and objectives of these policies and move from a growth to a logic of local sustainable development, taking into consideration the environmental perspective, economic, social cultural and rural areas. This new way of perceiving rural development led to the emergence of innovative proposals being LEADER one of the largest tested achievements.
Thus, the European Commission Communication on "The Future of the rural world" in 1988 (COM (88) 501 final) was the first ratification of the need for the existence of a European policy on rural development, demonstrating the value experience requirements for new development prospects and involve rural communities to seek appropriate solutions.
Since then, the European Commission has a policy of economic and social cohesion became "integrated", which meant we had to use it to use in a complementary manner the "Structural Funds" European policy aims progressively lower socio-economic differences between European regions.
Since 1992, the Agricultural Policy of the European Community was aimed to rebalance their market policies and put more emphasis on social and environmental issues, in this way was also expected to generate more jobs in agriculture. It highlighted the need for jobs related to agriculture, in order to add value to local products, and develop innovative features in the agricultural and building activities other than agriculture, which contributed to that effort.
If consumers took into account that more emphasis will point to products distinct and well-crafted and require an environment and context of life with more protection and enhancement. In parallel, local actors were aware of the value of the resources, expertise, wealth and quality of life in rural areas. Improving the quality of life through the creation of possible also to ensure adequate income opportunities to those who opted to stay and an increase in the availability of rural areas, for those who have the desire to settle. It was so
Agricultural Policy of the European Community should be incorporated more and more new challenges, while diversity territories and landscapes, the value of local identities and the quality of care environment were identified as valuable assets of a "European model of agriculture and rural development." In the above context, the LEADER initiative is to stand as an invaluable tool to experiment in rural innovative possibilities that unfold. Thus gave strength to the approach "territorial" based on involvement of stakeholders in the planning and development of local resources, which increasingly appeared as a new way to generate productive activities and employment in rural areas.
As noted, implementation and development of European program has been a process over time and also in terms of methodology, taking the initiative LEADER has traveled three phases:
• LEADER I started a new approach to development, LEADER II
• the approach is generalized and
• LEADER + provides a deepening of the methodology through pilot and thematic strategies that unite.
The European Community played a leading role in raising awareness of the relevance of this new perspective, through many experiences: Local Initiatives for Employment (ILE), Policy-Development Training, Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMP) and Integrated Operations Development. Addition de los objetivos específicos de cada fase (LEADERI, LEADERII y LEADER+), la Iniciativa Comunitaria propuso una visión del desarrollo rural fundado en algunos principios:
• Organización –denominada “grupo de acción local” (GAL)–, que es una asociación local constituida por un pequeño equipo técnico permanente. Su función es la definición (con el involucramiento verdadero de los actores locales) y la aplicación de un plan de acción;
• Elaboración y aplicación, en un conjunto de territorios rurales, de un “plan de acción local”, el cual establece numerosos ejes de intervención para acciones de desarrollo;
• multisectoral and systematic search for connections between actions in the context of a comprehensive, integrated (hence the acronym LEADER: "Links between Actions de Développement de l'Economie Rurale", "Links between activities developing rural economy ");
• Co-financing of action plans by the European Commission, Member States and / or Regions in the form of a global financial contribution and not multiple sectoral budget lines;
• Network integration of the territories involved from a "LEADER European Observatory (" Observatory European rural areas "for LEADER +), based in Brussels and linked to national monitoring units.
Carrying out this Community Initiative, led to rural areas in Europe, benefited by it, a methodology that was tested enough and additional financial resources, which gave value to the overall development strategy of these territories. This will produce a complementary strategy for rural development policy for regional authorities in Europe.
The design of these initiatives install a particular emphasis on the character of the same theme, namely the articulation of the different strategies is possible to carry out in every territory around a cause, an argument, a fundamental issue, that "typical of the identity" of the territorio33. IF COLCHAGUA
, range
We see that with this unique design feature of these European initiatives, we can immediately establish binding parameters that we have been detecting in the development process from the base, it has had on our analysis, Colchagua Valley. This geographical area with its basic theme of the wine associated with tourism, has given character and identity of territory, beyond the limitations that could have generated a simple political division – administrativa existente.
Colchagua está siendo reconocido en el país y en el exterior como una zona productora de vinos finos de alta calidad, generados en un territorio rural en donde conviven, se amalgaman y potencian el entorno natural, sus tradiciones culturales y sus propuestas productivas en sintonía con su medioambiente. Asociada a esta condición, hay una oferta de servicios turísticos asimilada a estándares internacionales.
El sector productivo se ha ido desarrollando motivado por la calidad para enfrentar los desafíos del contexto globalizado de la economía, potenciando las posibilidades del valle para sacarles el mejor provecho en consonancia con todos los aspectos vinculados a un proceso en equilibrio con physical and human features in it. I made in Colchagua, as in the European case with Leader +, revealed the need for jobs related to agriculture, in this specific case the wine: the local value added products, development of innovative features in the wine industry and the creation of activities other than agriculture that contributed to that effort by complement, as in tourism associated with wine. Colchagua
has certain characteristics that have led weather geographical specificity in crops, with increasingly successful in the field of viticulture, developing and adding the comparative advantages and competitive advantages of the process with an innovative business structure that has largely identified the opportunities in this context for the cultivation of certain varieties of vines that can achieve maximum expresión34.
This valley has been consolidated as the main producer of red varieties that have produced the best result in their production and this especialización35 assuming that it is truly the land valuation and marketing of own products, as developed by the Program Leader +.
The State has recognized a productive sector that had high development and oriented to certain instruments to support wine business. Thus, this support led to clear improvements in the productive sector of the territory, enabling the connection of more and better jobs with consequent social improvements related to this association public - private. It generated more and better management skills, business development and production to improve competitiveness in view of the challenges of globalization, which also joined those very small producers and low feasibility of generating competitive firms alone or in small groups, which is displayed on the Leader + program in encouraging innovative activities are transferable to other areas.
investments not only focused on making wine, but also in the style to accommodate visitors attracted by the valley, and began to emerge several investments, including establishing a commercial company stock that carries the name "Route Colchagua wine, "thus establishing a circuit tour around the wine, the same way as those in other hemispheres. Were added investments in hotels, tourist attractions and special, as it should be noted the case of the Wine Train and even the installation of a casino in the heart of the Valley, activities carried out in Leader + from the line of action support rural tourism addition to providing support and professional support to SMEs.
As a corollary to these efforts, launches the Integrated Territorial Programme (ITP) from CORFO in 2003, after nearly two years of workshops, interviews and seminars aimed at raising the demands of stakeholders in the valley. There was renamed as "Colchagua, Land Premium", with a five-year extension, which worked in all possible ways to develop the integration of goals and opportunities. This experience can be likened to the "Local Action Groups (GAL) Leader + Programme. Thus, ultimately, not only as a set Colchagua Valley wine quality, but a place that people themselves grant them a better quality of life, causing them to incorporate a strong sense of identity emerged from the participatory process of the planned activities.
Added to this, the Territorial River basin and estuary Tinguiririca Zamorano, the basis of geographical and productive system of the valley, from a sustainable vision of itself and in coordination with other sectores36, which is in direct relation to the conservation and improvement of environment and physical context of the territories poses Leader + Programme.
In this context, in the Ministry of Housing and Urban jeopardize the implementation of the Instrument Territorial Planning policy was called "Plan Intercommunal Regulatory Tinguiririca" \u200b\u200b37, thus giving the opportunity to create some certainty to the process had been carried out, with the addition of an instrument that involved regulatory issues, in order to give permanence a territory that was able to identify the aspirations concert in the development process, committing all parties to attend with their resources and capacities to achieve self-generated goals, which occurs during the use of multi-sectoral and systematic search connections between actions in the context of an integrated global strategy as the made by Leader +.
Conclusions
There is a kind of dichotomy between the territory administratively predefined Colchagua Province with what's already passed through the watershed and chained production processes of the wine industry, followed by wine tourism industry. It is in this valley, has been setting up a regional map that extends beyond political boundaries - administrative and involving communities and areas of neighboring provinces, such as Cardinal Caro y Cachapoal.
The Land Management should be based primarily on regular proper use from a coherent economic exploitation, environmental care and energy resources, Harness social equity and preserve its tangible and intangible assets, demonstrating the value their identity. With no less than it could be fully sustainable territories.
Land A consistent policy should establish a shelter for those areas susceptible to catastrophes product of earthquakes, tsunamis, economic crisis, that is, any event that attempts against the environmental, economic and social development of an area as a preventive perspective and not palliative. That is, each area to intervene have resources to enable it to survive as a sustainable land.
The Land must not only comply with the fundamentals of sustainability of an area, but also must work with the development of local culture, ie, enhance the identity of a territory and its actors, opening opportunities for your stay, discouraging their migration to other areas, which undoubtedly undermines the roots of a culture and its future generations.
The experiment carried out by the European Community in its development programs with territorial view, as was the case of "Smart Lands" or Intelligent Territories aimed at developing tourism in the territory, and initiatives "Leader" , with his latest release, "LEADER +", aimed at comprehensive development of territories are without doubt an important reference to decrease, and thus eliminate disparities in the quality of life among the regions.
The case of the experience developed in Colchagua, said that in this process have been given the right political and administrative decision, which respected the concerns, aspirations and decisions of the actors, which led to a series of successful and consistent with the territory . 5 Forum Notes
City Business and Real Estate Development "Earthquake: Impact, Learning, Corrections", Friday May 14, 2010 in Casa Piedra, Vitacura.
6 This refers to the case of the town of Chaiten in the Lakes Region in southern Chile, in May 2008 affected product from the eruption of the same name.
7 Transantiago is a project that sought to improve coverage of public transport in Santiago, launched in February 2007. 8 Project
unrealized relocation of the old town of Chaitén.
9 Refers to the case of post-quake reconstruction carried out in Kobe, Japan. The earthquake was in 1995, had a magnitude of 7.2 ° Richter scale, 6,434 dead, 108,000 houses destroyed, 300,000 houses damaged and losses estimated at U.S. $ 102,000 million.
10 The speaker noted that, according to studies of recovery processes areas disaster, there is the so-called Law of Kates & Colten, which includes four stages: emergence, Restoration, Reconstruction and Enhanced Reconstruction. The experience would indicate that if the Emergency lasted a time T, the following steps T last 10 times, 100 times T and T variables, respectively.
11 United Nations, 1992. Cárcamo
12, 2005, p. 4. Muñoz
13, 2000, p. 66, 67. He spent
14, 2002, p. 40.
15 Extract from an article by Carlos Muñoz P. in his Blog "Integrated Habitat (http://carlosmunozparra.blogspot.com/), 24 August 2010.
16 Statements to the press made by HE the President of the Republic on August 26, 2010 on the occasion of its decision regarding the relocation of the power plant Barrancones. (Http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20100826/pags/20100826112734.html?comentpage=18&ts_artic=20100826112734 # inicio_lista). Duran
17, 2002, p. 816. He spent
18, 2002, p. 28. He spent
19, 2002, p. 445. He spent
20, 2002, p. 474. Aránguiz
21, 2002, p. 441. Muñoz
22, 2010, p. 3.
23 deconcentrated public devices are part of administrative centralization whose powers or jurisdiction is exercised on a regional, off-site which is based on the executive.
24 Law 19,175, Article 25. Ferreira
25, 1971, p. 23.
26 National Planning Office. González
27, 2008. p. 7.
28 What are socially equitable is that equity prevails in them. Equity: Disposition of the mind that moves to give each one what he deserves (RAE). He spent
29, 2002, p. 44. City of Granada
30, 2002. Expenses and other
31, 2002, p. 8.
32 CE, Communication 2000. 33
Junta de Andalucía, 2006. Parra Muñoz
34, 2009, p. 6. CORFO PTI
O'Higgins 35, 2006. p. 11.
CONAMA O `Higgins 36, 2004, p. 1. Parra Muñoz
37, 2009, p. 15. Bibliography
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________________________________________
Received: 15.06.2010.
Accepted: 30.10.2010.
Carlos Mu? Oz Parra Doctor Architect 
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